Colombia Entrepreneurship: ‘Try Fast, Learn Fast, Fail Cheap’
How Colombia’s government is supporting the country’s entrepreneurs.
LATINVEX SPECIAL
Knowledge@Wharton
Colombia today is considered to be one of the world’s
great emerging economies. Its growing political stability, decrease in
violence, young working population and overall positive economic trend make it
a country with interesting prospects. Robert Ward, a global forecasting
director for the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), categorizes upcoming
developing nations into a group called CIVETS. All the countries included in
this group -- Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa --
share several very important characteristics, including positive trends in
political, social and economic aspects.
In 2012, a financially troubled year for the world,
Colombia achieved a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 4 percent,
according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In addition, the country is
experiencing an investment rate of 28 percent of GDP, the highest level seen in
the country in the last decade. In a world where some of the most powerful
nations are facing grave challenges, this is a very good position for a country
such as Colombia to be in.
While Colombians are proud of today’s economic status, it
was not an easy journey. Issues such as violence and economic inequality long
hindered the nation’s economic potential and affected the people’s morale. For
many years, Colombia placed great emphasis on overcoming these obstacles.
According to the Ministry of Defense, the homicide rate in 2011 was the lowest
it had been in 26 years, with the country experiencing a 12 percent drop from
the previous year. This positive trend brought great optimism for what
Colombia’s future may hold. Where violence -- headed by factions such as the
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) -- previously caused major safety
issues and distribution challenges and repelled investors, today the
improvements are noticeable, and the Colombian government is promoting this
change proactively in hopes of attracting international interest.
A second and related challenge for Colombia today is
economic inequality. Colombia still ranks seventh among countries with the
highest degree of economic inequality, but it is seeing a change for the
better. The government’s recent decisions to increase public savings, reduce
the public deficit and invest in social programs have already resulted in
improvements. According to Catalina Crane Arango, the Colombian high
presidential counselor for public and private management, the purchasing power
of minimum-wage workers has increased significantly over the last decade. In
2000, a minimum-wage worker had to work for 125 months to be able to afford a
car; in 2012, a minimum-wage worker could afford a car after 57 months.
The lessening violence and reduction in economic
inequality are among many developments driving the positive economic trend in
Colombia and giving its citizens hope for a better future. As a result, the
country is seeing a great expansion in its entrepreneurial environment.
According to the most recent survey by GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor),
the world’s largest study of entrepreneurship, 20.6% of respondents in Colombia
in 2011 reported they had started a company within the last three years. This
figure compares to the average result of 11.8% from a selected group of peer
countries. Now the Colombian government has the challenge of figuring out how
to cultivate and maximize this entrepreneurial potential.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND HOW THE GOVERNMENT
DRIVES IT
In the report Politica de desarrollo empresarial: la "politica
industrial" de Colombia, published in May 2011, Sergio
Diaz-Granados Guida, the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Tourism, says, “In
the past, industrial policy in Colombia was based on artificial protection of
selected sectors of the economy using methods such as high customs tariffs,
import licensing, monopoly of the government on food product import, price
control and others.” This appears to have led to the creation of an arguably
artificial and isolated entrepreneurial environment.
In the beginning of the 1990s, the Colombian government’s
role in driving entrepreneurship changed as the policy focus shifted toward
helping small- and medium-size businesses, which were viewed as the nuclei of
economic development for the country. This was the first time the government
had used the term política
de desarrollo empresarial (entrepreneurship development policy) to
describe its new industrial policy.
Today, this policy has evolved into one that concentrates
governmental efforts not on protecting businesses and industries, but rather on
eliminating barriers for entrepreneurship development and on driving
competition.
More recently, the Colombian government has concentrated
its efforts on elaborating the appropriate legal framework and financial
infrastructure to support new entrepreneurial activity in the country. One of
the most important pieces of legislation on entrepreneurship was passed in
2006. Law 1014 aimed to promote entrepreneurship across different sectors of
the economy. One of its initiatives was the creation of the national and
regional network for entrepreneurship development. In 2009, Law 1286
established the national system of science, technology and innovation, whose
goal is to support high-technology high-impact entrepreneurship.
In addition to strategies and laws, the Colombian
government has been looking at other methods for growing and supporting
entrepreneurship. In 2002, the government launched Fondo Emprender, a seed capital fund that
specializes in financing the companies that were formed within SENA (Servicio
Nacional de Aprendizaje), an educational entity responsible for promoting
entrepreneurship among students. Institutions such as this focus primarily on
providing financial and infrastructural support to specific entrepreneurial
projects. Together with the national system of creation and incubation, this network has
established more than 20 business incubators across the country, which in turn
have helped to launch more than 1,500 start-up companies since 2003.
Faced with growing entrepreneurial activity and need, the
Colombian government has had to find a more effective and wider-reaching plan.
According to Sergio Zuluaga, director of entrepreneurship and innovation in the
Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism -- responsible for promoting
entrepreneurship in the country -- the government recently decided to change
its approach, choosing one where it takes into account the entrepreneurship
ecosystem as a whole, focusing both on the different types of new business and
on the institutions that are part of this ecosystem. "Colombia has a lot
of types of entrepreneurs and institutions, and we need to develop precise and
tailor-made instruments, strategies and policies for each one of them,” Zuluaga
stated.
The new approach does not stand alone; it is supported by
the national entrepreneurship policy of 2009 and, subsequently, by the national
development plan of 2010-2014. According to Política de Emprendimiento 2009, the
main goal of the new policies is to resolve what have been identified as
today’s key challenges for the Colombian entrepreneurial environment. These challenges
include an informality of entrepreneurial ventures, time-consuming and costly
registration and liquidation procedures, difficult access to financing,
market-entry limits, limited access to high-end technology, intellectual-rights
protection, low levels of innovation, a lack of communication and articulation
among institutions and a low level of overall entrepreneurial competence -- a
long and daunting list for the government to work though.
In an effort to resolve these challenges, Zuluaga indicated
that the Colombian government intends to structure its efforts on the basis of
four strategic principles: First is to apply a differential approach; as
Zuluaga put it, "every type of entrepreneur and support institution needs
a specific solution, and we need to work side by side with them to design and
implement effective policies.” Second is to create and support instruments and
programs that facilitate the "go-to-market" part of the
entrepreneurship process. Third is to promote easy access to financing for
entrepreneurs and new businesses (such as venture capital funds, a network of
investors and micro-financing). Fourth is to establish and help maintain
communication among all institutions responsible for entrepreneurship
development within the ecosystem.
These principles are inspired by what Zuluaga and others
in the Colombian government like to call the “Try Fast, Learn Fast, Fail Cheap”
model – a model the government hopes will help Colombia’s existing and aspiring
entrepreneurs. The government also plans to carry out a variety of programs
that deal with nonfinancial industries, such as a national competition for
entrepreneurs; tutorship programs; support for businesses that incorporate
science, tech and innovation; a national system of business incubators; techno
parks and innovation programs.
Clearly the government has set some bold objectives in
hopes of growing the entrepreneurial presence in Colombia. But the long list of
plans makes some observers question whether the government will be able to execute
these plans effectively and, indeed, whether these plans meet Colombian
entrepreneurs’ most pressing needs.
LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
By creating a system of special incentives
and support for establishing new businesses, the Colombian government has achieved
successes in making the country a place where entrepreneurs and their
businesses see positive prospects. However, challenges still exist. In order to
harness and grow the existing entrepreneurial environment, the government needs
to select where it focuses its efforts and determine how to do so carefully and
effectively.
In its attempt to drive entrepreneurship, the Colombian
government faces the challenge of dealing with large numbers of fundamentally
different types of entrepreneurs. Some are driven by necessity, such as the
unemployed impoverished people who sell juice on the street corners. Others are
driven by opportunity or motivation, typically educated people with access to
at least the basic necessities of life. According to the GEM survey, in
Colombia, for each entrepreneur driven to launch out of necessity, 1.49 do so
because they see an opportunity. This ratio is lower than the average indicator
for efficiency-driven economies (including Colombia), where the number of
opportunity-driven entrepreneurs is almost double that of necessity-driven
entrepreneurs. Government policy must recognize the different needs and goals
of these two groups. “The government applies a differential focus and
elaborates specific strategies to approach opportunity and necessity
entrepreneurs differently,” says Zuluaga.
The initiatives created by the Colombian government are
solid first steps toward building an environment conducive to entrepreneurship.
However, until now, not all entrepreneurs have felt positive about governmental
policies and plans. According to the GEM survey, even though people recognize
the government’s recent efforts, they explicitly stated that policies are still
not clear or communicated sufficiently. Alejandro Venegas, co-founder of an online
financial services company in Colombia, pointed out that although he has heard
that government programs exist to support entrepreneurs, he has no information
about them or how to access them.
This sentiment seems to be a common theme among
entrepreneurs. The GEM survey also indicated that current tax policies and
interest rates were not beneficial for starting a company, and that the delay
and inefficiency of bureaucratic procedures in government departments is an
impediment to the start-up process. Angela Maria Yepes Ruiz, a Colombian
business owner, commented that government processes and taxation in general are
extremely difficult for starting businesses in Colombia. In addition, none of
the dimensions rated by the survey were rated as “outstanding,” demonstrating
the need for improvement in a diverse range of areas such as education,
financing, intellectual property rights, infrastructure, interest in innovation
and support for women in business.
Colombian entrepreneurs continue to face daunting challenges:
difficulty in accessing information about specific support programs offered by
the government or a lack of such information; the still-high importance of
personal contacts required to make things happen, and the underdeveloped
financial markets, including the lack of accessible venture capital funds and
seed financing and the low activity of international start-up financing funds.
According to the GEM survey, nearly half of Colombian
entrepreneurs finance their businesses through family members. All the
entrepreneurs interviewed for this article stated that issues of raising
capital and financing were among the key challenges they faced in starting a
business. As Venegas noted, “in Colombia, you have to be well-connected so that
the right doors open. The laws here [in Colombia] are changing a lot for the
good, but there are still certain things the government needs to change to make
the online start-up process easier.”
Meanwhile, the entrepreneurial desire is alive and well.
In the GEM survey, 88.6 percent of Colombian respondents noted that
entrepreneurship is an enviable career, versus 72.8 percent of those from the
peer countries. It is simple: Colombians want to be entrepreneurs. The economic
conditions are looking good, and people are feeling positive: 68.1 percent in
Colombia said they believe there will be better conditions for business within
the next six months. And the government is making a strong effort to establish
the right laws and programs to help entrepreneurs. If the conditions continue to
improve, Colombia will transition from being a country once known for its
violence, economic disparity and large cocoa industry to one known for a
flourishing entrepreneurial environment filled with impressive opportunities.
[Editor’s
Note: 2012 data added with permission of Knowledge@Wharton].
This article was written by Melissa Blohm,
Andre Fernandes and Bulat Khalitov, members of the Lauder Class of 2014.
Republished with permission from http://www.knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu -- the online
research and business analysis journal of the Wharton School of
the University of Pennsylvania.